Muslim Unity and the Hajj

The concept of unity is central to Islam, tawĥīd being the most important principle and doctrine of religion. Tawĥīd literally means “unification” and “the act of uniting” – of bringing disparate “realities” together under a single total vision and Reality. On the doctrinal level tawĥīd means nothing less than understanding and seeing reality for what it is, on all its levels. It means to understand the unity – or unicity – of the Godhead in the first place and then to realize the unity of His creation in the second; all created things being nothing but the signs, words, and acts of the one God. Now, man being the greatest creation of God, is no exception to this rule. Hence, unity on the human plane implies that first and foremost, men are united in their created Divine nature – God having inspired them with something of His Spirit. From there on down, any type of unity in the human sphere acquires worth in accordance with its awareness of the Divine and its efforts at trying to aim for and reach It. The concept of the Ummah is precisely this type of unity. It is the concept of a congregation of humans self-consciously traversing the path to God. As the goal is one and the One, the Ummah is one. The Qur’ān says:

and I am your Lord, so be wary of Me.

On the most outer, basic, and pragmatic level, there is the need to unite out of sheer necessity. This is the political unity of those who label themselves Muslims in an attempt to defer the attacks of those who oppose them. This is a temporary and tactical unity which cannot withstand the test of time because on this level, the hearts of the Muslims are still divided. Nonetheless, this unity is still a real unity because of the necessity underlying it, and stands in opposition to the “false” or “virtual” unities of groups which rally around a common name or imagined cause in a superficial way. On the most inner level is the unity which arises from man’s awareness of the Divine and hence, his own essence; the transcendent unity of God and the immanent unity of Divine nature and creation (fiťrat Allah) in man and the world. For in understanding these matters, man understands his origin and end, and his present state which lies between the two. He grasp the fallen and falling nature of man in this world and so becomes able to engage his will to make amends and to constantly struggle in the way of regaining his original heavenly state. This struggle or way is what is known as “religion” (or  dīn) and, when understood in its totality, is the highest and best way to achieve true unity among men.

Which of the two forms of unity must be chosen? Well, if the challenge of the Ummah is seen to be primarily a political defeat from the outside, then the first “pragmatic” method of unity will be emphasized. If on the other hand, the challenge of the Ummah is seen to be a decline from the inside, then the second type of essential or transcendental unity will be the most pressing. For the most part, the choice of perspective will  depend on how the idea of Ummah is understood in the first place. The second understanding – the one based on the total and unitive understanding of reality – is not exclusive and can certainly include the first. The same cannot be said of the first or political viewpoint. What is clear is that the higher and more encompassing the understanding, the better will be the unity – of whatever type, level and extent, from the smallest groups and brotherhoods topan-Islamic movements. Imām ‘Alī (‘a) counselled his

ٍO’ Kumayl! There no movement [or action] whatsoever but that you need understanding for it.

The precursor to understanding is knowledge. So if understanding is necessary for any unity movement, knowledge is indispensable and without it more harm is done than good – no matter how good and noble the intentions and irregardless of how numerous the good deeds. In a tradition from the most Noble Prophet (ş) it is reported he said:

The harmful effects of a person who acts without knowledge are

greater than his beneficial ones. Knowledge and understanding are qualities which are divine in principle, for God is al-‘Alīm and al-Ĥakīm. As such, quantity is not of primary importance. This means that even if a handful of believers in the One struggle to achieve a unity based on knowledge and understanding, it is of great consequence.What’s more, the traditions tell us that their very coming together aids in achieving the necessary understanding. It is said in a tradition:

Meeting with brothers brings about expansion and life [lit. impregnation] for the intellect – even if they be a small insignificant number.

This then seems to be the traditional logic and methodology of unity; to start on a human scale, based on quality not quantity, and to build up from there. There are many references to both the perfection of the intellects in the latter days and with the coming of the Mahdī (‘a), the quality and strength of the believers in this age, and to the existence of such small groups of the faithful. In the recent history of the Muslims, Imām Khumaynī wrote in his last will and testament of the formation of “cells of the party of God” throughout the world. The first unit after the “meetings of brothers” is the local community, the jamā’ah. The Noble Prophet (ş) said:

O’ people! Enjoined for you is the community and forewarned [and detrimental] to you is disunion [and separatedness]. 

Beyond this level of “community” are higher levels. Now all of these levels are alluded to in the Law by institutions such as the congregational prayers – which begin with just two Muslims, the Friday prayers, the enjoining of good and the forbidding of evil (amr bi al-ma’rūf wa nahī ‘an al-munkar) in society, jihād, and finally and most prominent in its symbolism, the Ĥajj . So this is the methodology and these are the steps to achieve higher and higher forms of unity. A glimpse of where this can lead to is achieved by combining these levels with the inner or esoteric understanding of unity. In our time the greatest exponent of such a breadth and depth of understanding was Imām Khumaynī. His son, Aĥmad, summed up the vision of his father in this regard in the following way:

Imām wanted unity on all levels… unity on the international front – as Imām believed that the world’s oppressed should attempt to unite against the oppressors; unity of the followers of religions and prophets in opposition to profanity, infidelity, and arrogance; unity of the Ummah and Islamic countries so as to fight and counter the attacks of the enemies of the Islamic world; unity of Shias, Sunnis and orthodox Islamic schools and sects within the Islamic world….Imām Khumaynī was emphatic and insistent on especially the unity between the different sects and schools of thought in the Muslim world. To the extent that he said: “We are united with Sunni Muslims – we are one – because we are Muslims and brothers. If a person says anything that causes division between Muslims, then know that such a person is either ignorant or wants to sow the seeds of dissension between Muslims.” Moreover, in line with his esoteric understanding of unity – something for which there is ample room within the Shia school of thought - he gave a fatwā making it wājib and obligatory on the Shias to participate in the congregational prayers of the Sunnis during the Ĥajj.

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